Racism operates through whole institutions and eras, not only individual intentions

Evidence

From the very beginning of the early criticisms there could be heard hints of deeper links between scientific, racial, and Eurocentric projects than prejudice analyses of the causes of these three criticisms could capture. Is racism limited to the intentional acts of individuals, as the prejudice analyses assume? What about discriminatory principles, projects, practices, and cultures of institutions such as the law, the economy, or modern science and its philosophies? What about racist and Eurocentric assumptions made by whole societies, not just by individuals, and assumptions held over even larger historical eras and cultures, such as “modern life,” “the developed world,” or five centuries of European expansion? Are individuals’ biases and prejudices the causes or effects of such larger social projects and eras? — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1558

Categorization

• DEFINE: Sharpens the structural definition of racism against the individual-prejudice definition—core to the vault’s CRT grounding.
• XREF: Directly qualifies prior vault usage distinguishing prejudice-based from structural accounts of racism; connects to racial-formation theory’s level-of-analysis framing. — connects to: Racism is a societal system of ethnic and racial domination, not merely ideology — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1051; Racism functions structurally apart from individuals’ personal intent — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1477; Everyday racism operates through familiar routine practices that actualize underlying racial relations — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1484 (+9 more)

Broader Connections

• Racism operates through routine practices, not only individual prejudice or formal institutions #corroborates (0.98) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1473
• Structural racism operates beyond individual intentions and prejudice #corroborates (0.97) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 42
• Institutional racism can persist without any individual racists #exemplifies (0.93) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2388
• Racism operates through routine practices that reproduce hierarchical structures #corroborates (0.90)
• Racism operates even without deliberate hatred #corroborates (0.88) — Cristian Tileagă, The Nature of Prejudice, 125
• Everyday racism adapts to each society’s institutionalized structures. #corroborates (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1486
• Past racism was explicit, intentional, and institutionally systematic #expands (0.82) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1815
• Modern racism is framed as individual deviance rather than systemic structure #expands (0.78) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1817
• When overt racism is socially shed, its institutional force persists across all mapped regions #qualifies (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1906