Racialization and racism are distinct empirical states

Evidence

In this context I have argued that all social formations are thoroughly racialized, but not all are racist. We can draw a distinction between racialized and racist - this distinction being an empirical matter which must be investigated. Instead of thinking of racism, it is better to think of racisms and racialized hostility; and we should resist a definition of racism that is preoccupied with the content of an ideology alone. We must also think about addressing expressed intentionality, and thinking about the outcomes of intended and unintended institutional behavior. Collectively these can be seen as constituting the terrain of racialized hostility, of which racisms of various kinds (as sets of ideologies) are but a limited feature. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1908

Categorization

• DEFINE: Core conceptual distinction: a social formation can be thoroughly racialized without being racist — the divide is empirical, not ideological alone.
• XREF: Fits the trust/institution literature (Milgrom, Coleman chapters): distinguishing background conditions from the specific mechanisms that trigger harm. — connects to: States are racial by population-structuring but racist only when that structuring excludes — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1675