US Black Power activists replaced race-relations framing with an expanded concept of racism

Evidence

Both sociologists and political activists in the United States have seen questions of racial relations within this third framework. They have highlighted the conflict between the experience of blacks and the manner in which the US Constitution was supposed to be given effect in everyday life. This conflict also lay behind the assertion of two of the leaders of the Black Power movement that “By racism we mean the predication of decisions and policies on considerations of race for the purpose of subordinating a racial group and maintaining control over that group.” They went on to distinguish between individual and institutional racism (see Carmichael and Hamilton, 1967:19-21). They expanded the concept of racism to comprehend cultural assumptions, motives, institutions, attitudes, and beliefs about superiority, substituting it for race relations as a general name for the entire field of study. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 668

Categorization

• DEFINE: Captures the precise Carmichael-and-Hamilton definition of racism (predication of decisions on race for subordination/control) plus the individual-vs-institutional distinction — key definitional grounding.
• XREF: This is the conceptual pivot from ‘race relations’ sociology to CRT-style analysis of racism as structural/institutional — directly qualifies how the vault uses institutional racism. — connects to: Black Power activists redefined racism to include institutional and cultural dimensions.; Black activists moved from demanding equal segregation to demanding its abolition — Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s…, 1012

Broader Connections

• Black Power activists redefined racism to include institutional and cultural dimensions. #expands (0.95)