A society is racist by harmful outcomes even without racist intent

Evidence

A critical analysis of racism takes the form of an integrated, holistic analysis of society and its presuppositions, including the power (and ability) to offend, degrade or transform/modify the worth of individuals and communities, with, but also, more importantly, without the presence of deliberate hatred. — Cristian Tileagă, The Nature of Prejudice, 125 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

As the Kerner Report of 1968 explained, “What White Americans have never fully understood - but what the Negro can never forget — is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it” (National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968:2). This remains true today. The ghetto represents institutional racism, that is to say, a racism that is enshrined in the social fabric and that would continue to exist even if the antiblack racism of individuals would cease tomorrow. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2388 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

I use racism, rather than racists as actors, because it is well-understood that racism as part of the structure of politics and law may continue to have effects and maintain the racial status quo even with seemingly neutral or sympathetic human actors. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 42 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Racism is a societal system of ethnic and racial domination, not merely ideology — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1051; Racism operates even without deliberate hatred — Cristian Tileagă, The Nature of Prejudice: Society,…, 125; Racism functions structurally apart from individuals’ personal intent — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1477 (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Racism operates even without deliberate hatred #corroborates (0.95) — Cristian Tileagă, The Nature of Prejudice, 125
• Institutional racism can persist without any individual racists #corroborates (0.95) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2388
• Structural racism operates beyond individual intentions and prejudice #expands (0.93) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 42
• Racism functions structurally apart from individuals’ personal intent #expands (0.92) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1477