Routine institutional operations can disadvantage blacks absent any intent.

Evidence

Carmichael and Hamilton emphasized the difference between individual and institutional racism to indicate that it was not just a matter of individual prejudices, whether of extremists or most whites, that might be changed with education or by the law; rather that the routine operation of the institutions of US society served to ensure that blacks (and other groups of color for that matter) remained at a disadvantage. This approach distinguished intention and outcome - a society could still be racist if the outcomes were systematically detrimental to blacks, even where there was no clear expression of intent. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1865

Categorization

• XREF: Parallels the individual-vs-structural harm distinction familiar from Milgrom’s institutions and from the COMPAS risk-scoring discussion. — connects to: Black drivers are routinely stopped without cause in a pattern whites never experience. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education: Toward Diverse,…, 1255