The thirteenth century first crystallized Latin Europe’s image of Islam.

Evidence

The main attack on Islam was already determined in the thirteenth century. The Christian champions were convinced, not only of the truth, but of the best method to convey it, beyond any possibility of reviewing the force of their arguments. This is most apparent in their treatment of the Qur’an. Ricoldo tells us that as often as he read it, he placed it upon the altar, and indignantly demanded of God that He read what it said. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 382 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Thus Islam was conceived in many contexts, not only as heresy, but as a schism belonging with the Eastern Churches, as part of a providential scheme of progressive error developing after the Christian revelation, as constituting the third Jaw, that is, with Judaism and Christianity, the third of revealed religions, and as one in a wide sequence of all the religions of the world. These different approaches often mingled. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1067 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Art conflated Jews and Muslims from the thirteenth century onward; European images of Islam crystallized by the thirteenth century.; The Latin European portrait of Islam came from Greek and Arab Christians. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 46 (+9 more)

Broader Connections

• European images of Islam crystallized by the thirteenth century. #corroborates (0.99)
• Anti-Islamic polemic froze into its framework by the thirteenth century #corroborates (0.95) — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 382
• Medieval Europe held multiple coexisting frameworks for situating Islam #complicates (0.74) — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1067
• Europe’s anti-Islam polemics stagnated after the thirteenth century #complicates (0.72)
• The medieval Christian image of Islam was self-referential and internally self-correcting #complicates (0.72)