All enduring European portrayals of Islam were set by 1200

Evidence

By the end of the twelfth century, European writers had created the essential portrayals of Islam that would be elaborated upon, reworked, and deployed for different purposes for centuries to come. — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 426

Categorization

• QUESTION: How much did later eras (Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment) actually innovate, or merely rework the two twelfth-century frameworks?