European images of Islam crystallized by the thirteenth century.

Evidence

Thus Islam was conceived in many contexts, not only as heresy, but as a schism belonging with the Eastern Churches, as part of a providential scheme of progressive error developing after the Christian revelation, as constituting the third Jaw, that is, with Judaism and Christianity, the third of revealed religions, and as one in a wide sequence of all the religions of the world. These different approaches often mingled. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1067 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: The Western view of Islam was fixed by 1350 and persists today; Europe’s lasting portrayals of Islam were fixed by the twelfth century; Petrus Alfonsi’s Dialogues shaped medieval Europe’s image of Islam for centuries. (+17 more)

Broader Connections

• Medieval Europe held multiple coexisting frameworks for situating Islam #complicates (0.82) — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1067
• The medieval Christian image of Islam was self-referential and internally self-correcting #complicates (0.78)