Medieval Europe held multiple coexisting frameworks for situating Islam

Evidence

Thus Islam was conceived in many contexts, not only as heresy, but as a schism belonging with the Eastern Churches, as part of a providential scheme of progressive error developing after the Christian revelation, as constituting the third Jaw, that is, with Judaism and Christianity, the third of revealed religions, and as one in a wide sequence of all the religions of the world. These different approaches often mingled. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1067

Categorization

• XREF: The ‘third law’ placement alongside Judaism reinforces the vault thread on how Islam is genealogically entangled with rather than purely external to Judeo-Christian self-definition.