Identity-based profiling violates the Fourth Amendment and fails to prevent attacks

Evidence

The interviews also revealed that South Asian and Arab men and women, regardless of their status as Americans, were surveilled by both the state and their fellow citizens because of their religious identity. South Asian and Arab Muslim Americans had similar experiences to one another because of the way their religious identity was interpreted. Their ethnicity as South Asian or Arab intersected with their Muslim identity and gender in salient ways that impacted social interactions in their everyday lives because it had made them a target for surveillance. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 104 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling; Muslim identity overrides American citizenship in airport profiling — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 222; Airport profiling of Muslims is systemic and state-institutionalized rather than random — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 285 (+12 more)

Related

• Surveillance targets Muslim Americans based on religious identity regardless of citizenship (similarity 0.87)
• Airport profiling of Muslims is systemic and state-institutionalized rather than random (similarity 0.85)
• Airport profiling collapses religious identity and racial appearance into a single target (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim identity overrides American citizenship in airport profiling (similarity 0.83)
• Airport profiling targets all Muslims, not just Arabs or specific nationalities (similarity 0.83)
• The state authorizes citizens to racially profile Muslims under national security (similarity 0.82)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling (similarity 0.82)
• Airport profiling targets Muslims as a religious class, not any specific nationality (similarity 0.82)
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity (similarity 0.81)
• Airports allocate the privilege of unexamined travel along racialized lines (similarity 0.81)
• State surveillance escalates with how visibly Muslim a person is (similarity 0.81)
• Racial targeting makes mere category membership, not enmity, grounds for persecution (similarity 0.81)
• Muslim identity overrides American citizenship status at the border. (similarity 0.81)
• The USA PATRIOT Act produced the surveillance society that made Muslim bodies constantly monitored (similarity 0.80)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling #expands (0.70)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims #expands (0.70)
• Airport profiling of Muslims is systemic and state-institutionalized rather than random #expands (0.65) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 285
• Surveillance targets Muslim Americans based on religious identity regardless of citizenship #expands (0.65) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 104
• Muslim identity overrides American citizenship in airport profiling #exemplifies (0.60) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 222
• State surveillance targets religious identity rather than class or political loyalty #expands (0.60)
• Even watchlisted Muslims face additional appearance-based profiling #expands (0.60)
• Blanket accusations of Muslims justify state surveillance by identity #expands (0.60)
• Private citizens’ discriminatory acts get reinforced by state security policies #expands (0.60)
• The Patriot Act spatially policed the domestic public sphere #expands (0.60)
• Weapon precision cannot improve the adequacy of target identification. #corroborates (0.55)
• The surveillance gaze denies Muslim Americans the psychological privileges of citizenship #expands (0.55)
• Muslim-name profiling is racial, not religious, discrimination #complicates (0.50)
• Class privilege does not shield Muslim Americans from racialized surveillance #expands (0.50)
• Criminality cannot be determined by facial recognition alone. #corroborates (0.50) — Emily M. Bender, Alex Hanna, The AI Con- How to Fight Big Tech’s…, 436