Classical biological racism has given way to multiple historically specific racisms

Evidence

So today we have two clearly identifiable sociological approaches to racism. In the first instance are those analysts who draw largely on earlier definitions and focus on an ideology that the world is divided into a number of separate “races” (for example, Europeans, Africans, and Asians) who are endowed with different physical and mental attributes, that “race” determines culture, and that Europeans are superior both mentally and culturally. Public expressions of such views are very infrequent because they run counter to the dominant government ideologies and public discourses. In the second instance are those who have a larger, revised definition. They claim that the original concept refers to only one specific form of racism, and that today there is more than one racism, constituted of different facets, and motivated by different factors. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1875

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes the classical racial-ideology approach from the revised multiple-racisms approach in sociology.
• XREF: connects to: Hobbes’s exclusionary frame is cultural-historical civility rather than biological race — , Stephanie B. Martens - Civilization and…, 25; Nativism’s ideological enemies got remade as biologically fixed racial ones — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 1580; Even anti-racist scientists accepted fixed cultural essences of races (+1 more)