Twentieth-century racism shifted from biology to culture

Evidence

Criticized but still firmly embedded in our societies are the universal claims of Western knowledge, the domination of Western norms for progress, and the globalization of Western standards for cultural and human development (Amin, 1989). Racism - or, historically speaking more accurate, racisms (Goldberg, 1990, 1993) - covers ideological and social processes which discriminate against others on the basis of their being associated with different racial or ethnic group membership. In the course of the twentieth century a shift of discourses has occurred, replacing the focus on quasi-scientific myths of biological inferiority by a concern with cultural (under)development (Solomos, 1989). — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1461

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes ‘racism’ from ‘racisms’ and establishes the biological-to-cultural discourse shift.
• XREF: Mirrors the ‘new racism’ / cultural racism thesis in contemporary critical race theory. — connects to: Colonial-era science transformed Muslims into a fixed racialized type — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 180; Cultural racism locks groups into immutable genealogies as biological racism did — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 554
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1461