Perceived anti-Muslim discrimination spans policy, societal attitudes, and bias incidents.

Evidence

Reviewers were provided with a definition for anti- Muslim discrimination in the United States (“anti-Muslim and anti-Islam sentiments that manifest in government policies that target Muslims, negative societal views of Muslims/Islam, and bias incidents against Muslims/Muslim communities”) and asked to evaluate the relevance, clarity, and conciseness of each index item in relation to this definition using closed- (range: from 0 “Not at all relevant/concise/clear” to 3 “Very relevant/concise/clear”) and open-ended feedback (DeVellis, 2016). — Naheed Ahmed, Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal…, 27

Categorization

• DEFINE: Gives the operational three-domain definition: government policy targeting, negative societal views, and bias incidents.
• XREF: Connects to the reader’s interest in cross-cultural moral panics and identity signaling around Muslim communities, e.g. The Reluctant Fundamentalist’s post-9/11 suspicion of a Pakistani man.