Anti-Muslim discrimination operates across individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels

Evidence

Development of Anti-Muslim Discrimination Indexes. In consideration of the multifaceted nature of anti-Muslim discrimination in the United States a hybrid theoretical approach was used to guide this study, drawing on relevant constructs from Prather et al.’s (2016) socioecological levels of discrimination model and Harrell’s (2000) racism-related stress framework. The socioecological model provides an overarching framework for understanding the determinants of healthrelated discrimination at the individual (knowledge, skills, attitudes), interpersonal (family and social networks), community (neighborhood resources), and societal levels (institutionalized discrimination) (Prather et al., 2016). — Naheed Ahmed, Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal…, 19

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the socioecological four-level framework (individual, interpersonal, community, societal) used to operationalize discrimination measurement.
• XREF: Connects to public-health and social-determinants-of-health literature that treats discrimination as a multi-level exposure rather than a single event.