Visible religious markers, not skin tone, trigger most public harassment

Evidence

This is best exemplified in the cases of Indian men who were attacked after 9/11 because they were mistaken for Muslims or Arabs. The misidentification of Sikhs is another example of this, which both Erik Love (2017) and David Tyrer (2013) note in their books. Because Sikhs wear the turban, they are often misrecognized as Muslim. While I do not mean to downplay their experiences, in the time period I examined, Muslim men were not targeted by strangers in the same way that women who wear the hijab were. Strangers did not consistently harass them in public because of their skin tone. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 735

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the book_so_far thread that hijab, not skin color, is the decisive racial marker — namely ‘A passenger’s complaint caused six imams to be removed’ and ‘Wearing the hijab, not skin tone, triggers routine airport stops.’ — connects to: Crises trigger public targeting of darker-skinned men mistaken for Muslims — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 735; Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650
• QUESTION: Does this undercut the racialized-surveillance frame by showing gender- and attire-based targeting outpacing skin-tone profiling for men? Worth resolving how the author squares this with the airport watchlist findings.
• recurring: this claim recurs 3 times within its source

Related

• In the period studied, hijabi women bore more stranger harassment than Muslim men (similarity 0.87)
• The hijab triggers routine airport surveillance more reliably than skin tone alone. (similarity 0.87)
• Wearing the hijab, not skin tone, triggers routine airport stops and searches. (similarity 0.85)
• Anti-Muslim harassment targets phenotypic and visual cues, racializing the faith (similarity 0.83)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling (similarity 0.82)
• The hijab triggers routine searches while skin tone only does in crises (similarity 0.82)
• Muslim men escape stranger harassment but women in hijabs do not (similarity 0.82)
• Crises trigger public targeting of darker-skinned men mistaken for Muslims (similarity 0.82)
• The hijab functions as a racial marker that triggers airport surveillance (similarity 0.82)
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab. (similarity 0.81)
• Visible Muslim markers override patriotic displays and invite stranger harassment. (similarity 0.80)
• Visible religious signifiers, not watchlists, trigger women’s airport profiling (similarity 0.80)
• The hijab, not skin color, triggers citizen surveillance of Muslim American women. (similarity 0.80)
• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens (similarity 0.80)