In the period studied, hijabi women bore more stranger harassment than Muslim men

Evidence

Immediately after a crisis, like a terrorist attack, darker-skinned men are targeted by the public as threats. This is best exemplified in the cases of Indian men who were attacked after 9/11 because they were mistaken for Muslims or Arabs. The misidentification of Sikhs is another example of this, which both Erik Love (2017) and David Tyrer (2013) note in their books. Because Sikhs wear the turban, they are often misrecognized as Muslim. While I do not mean to downplay their experiences, in the time period I examined, Muslim men were not targeted by strangers in the same way that women who wear the hijab were. Strangers did not consistently harass them in public because of their skin tone. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 541

Categorization

• XREF: Directly evidences the reader’s guiding question about how surveillance lands differently on men vs. women — public stranger harassment falls mainly on hijabi women, while Muslim men carry a different, more state-institutional form.
• QUESTION: Why are hijabi women targeted by strangers while men are not? Suggests visibility of the hijab as a wearable marker versus skin tone that is less reliably read as Muslim.