American Muslims are racially heterogeneous across white, black, Asian, Latinx categories.

Evidence

Interestingly, there is a great deal of racial differentiation: 41 percent of Muslims identify as white (includes Arabs, Middle Easterners, and Iranians), 20 percent as black, 28 percent as Asian (includes South Asians), 8 percent as Latinx, and 3 percent as mixed race (Pew Research Center 2017). — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 142

Categorization

• XREF: Provides the empirical demographic base for the reader’s hypothesis that response options differ by race/citizenship — including a sizable African American Muslim (20%) constituency distinct from immigrant Muslims. — connects to: American Islamophobia rests on homogenizing all Muslims into one monolithic culture.; The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 630

Related

• American Muslims are racially diverse and often identify as white or Asian (similarity 0.92)
• Muslim America’s narrative is rooted in blackness, not Arab identity (similarity 0.85)
• African American and immigrant Muslims face distinct forms of anti-Muslim racism. (similarity 0.85)
• Muslims are racially assigned to blackness while immigrants aspire to whiteness. (similarity 0.85)
• State Islamophobia has always been entangled with US racial classification, splitting Muslims by race. (similarity 0.84)
• American Islamophobia stems from slavery and anti-Black racism, not just Orientalism. (similarity 0.84)
• Arabs are a minority of American Muslims and mostly Christian (similarity 0.84)
• Ethnic segregation persists among Muslim Americans despite unified racialization (similarity 0.83)
• US media and academia collapsed diverse groups into a single Arab-looking category (similarity 0.83)
• African American Muslims experience racialized religion differently due to distinct history (similarity 0.83)
• Islamophobia operates as entrenched American race politics producing anti-Muslim racism (similarity 0.83)
• The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. (similarity 0.83)
• Racialization of Muslims is historically discontinuous and empire-contingent. (similarity 0.83)
• American Muslim diversity of ancestry and arrival pathways fragments unified anti-Islamophobia resistance (similarity 0.82)
• The Muslim is a unitary racial category despite enormous internal diversity. (similarity 0.82)