Racializing Muslims holds race as both fixed and fluid

Evidence

The process of racializing Muslims involves placing biological and cultural determinism in a contradictory logic purporting that race is immutable and essential but simultaneously mutable and fluid. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 105

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the specific mechanism of racial ascription (bodily comportment, superimposition, dissimulation) and its internal contradiction.
• XREF: Connects to other work distinguishing biological vs cultural racism and old vs new racisms; parallels Back & Solomos and Balibar’s ‘racism without races’. — connects to: Islam-as-race emerges only after Muslims coalesce as a racial group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 110; Racecraft is the discursive machinery that makes anti-Muslim racism seem rational — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 411; Islam has become a race despite scholars’ hesitation to name it so (+5 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 105