Racialization of Muslims operates through daily citizen interactions, not only state action.

Evidence

Racialization of Muslims is not just a state-led process but one that also occurs through interactions in daily life. Racialized meanings attached to Muslim bodies by the state are politically motivated, such as to get public support for maintaining and investing in a surveillance state or foreign policy like the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. Private citizens internalize the messages given to them by both the state and the media and then interact with Muslims in ways that reflect their misperceptions of Islam. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 247

Categorization

• XREF: Fills the ‘Global Racial Enemy’ slot in the reader’s original map—private-citizen dimension of racialization complements state-led COINTELPRO/Beydoun material. — connects to: Racialization operates through cultural traits and social interactions, not only physical cues.; Racializing Muslims as threats sustains a surveillance state with gendered effects; The state authorizes citizens to racially profile Muslims under national security — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 424 (+5 more)
• DEFINE: Extends the definition of racialization to include horizontal (citizen-to-citizen) mechanisms, not just vertical state power.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 247

Broader Connections

• State rhetoric authorizes ordinary people to persecute Muslims #corroborates (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 342
• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens #corroborates (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650
• Muslims in the United States endure discrimination in their everyday lives #exemplifies (0.70) — Evelyn Alsultany, Antisemitism and Islamophobia The…, 32
• Racializing Muslims as threats sustains a surveillance state with gendered effects #corroborates (0.60)
• Islamophobia is produced by state action, not only cultural bias #qualifies (0.60)
• State-perpetuated fear racializes Muslim bodies as terrorist enemies #corroborates (0.60)
• The state authorizes citizens to racially profile Muslims under national security #expands (0.50) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 424