Race was co-constituted with religion in European history.

Evidence

What this means is that the category of race was co-constituted with religion, and our resurrection of this genealogy implicates the formation of race in the racializiation of religious subjects. Frederickson (2002), for example, has charted the relationship of the race concept to religion in fifteenthand sixteenth-century Spain, proposing that the othering and ethnic cleansing of Jews and Muslims is paradigmatic of European racialization. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion, 31

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the working concept that race and religion are co-constituted categories, central to the chapter’s framework.
• ADDENDUM: Directly extends the framing of religious difference as a driver of othering, complementary to the immodesty moral-panics piece.
• XREF: connects to: Calvinist divine election hardened racial boundaries against earlier Catholic monogenism — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 1322; Race gained social hegemony as religion declined, becoming a secularized civic theology — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 1345; Islam was historically perceived as a non-white and Black religion by Europeans — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 199 (+20 more)

Related

• Islam functions as a full race in American and European hierarchies (similarity 0.85)
• Religion served as the primary vehicle for racial difference in early modern Europe (similarity 0.84)
• Modern scientific racism displaced religion from the race concept. (similarity 0.82)
• Race gained social hegemony as religion declined, becoming a secularized civic theology (similarity 0.82)
• Islam comes to function as a race through racecraft that erases internal ethnic differences (similarity 0.82)
• Islam was historically perceived as a non-white and Black religion by Europeans (similarity 0.82)
• Race as a configuration dates only from the late eighteenth century (similarity 0.81)
• Religion gets racialized by ascribing inherited biological traits to a faith community (similarity 0.81)
• Religious identity functions as a racial marker within American hierarchies (similarity 0.81)
• Islam has become a race despite scholars’ hesitation to name it so (similarity 0.81)
• Culture served as a racializing mode that displaced politics onto religion (similarity 0.80)
• Muslims were constituted as an inferior race via the figure of Homo islamicus. (similarity 0.80)
• Islam has functionally become a race in law within the last twenty years (similarity 0.80)
• Islam-as-race emerges only after Muslims coalesce as a racial group (similarity 0.80)
• Race is a culturally invented discursive category used to inferiorize groups. (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• Race originated as a hereditary cultural-religious distinction, not physical appearance #expands (0.95)
• Race originated as a cultural-religious distinction legislated into biological heredity #expands (0.93) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 724
• Religion served as the primary vehicle for racial difference in early modern Europe #corroborates (0.92) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 187
• Europe’s racial geography shifted from Christian to white on religious terms #exemplifies (0.90)
• Religion gets racialized by ascribing inherited biological traits to a faith community #expands (0.88) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 257
• Catholics and Jews were historically racialized as non-White through their religious beliefs. #exemplifies (0.86)
• Religion operates as a fluid category that racializes groups #expands (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 1067
• Europe’s identity is a theological project of racial and religious conviction #corroborates (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 950
• Culture served as a racializing mode that displaced politics onto religion #expands (0.84) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 256
• Religion served as the lens for early racial difference in the New World #exemplifies (0.82)
• Islam has shaped the race concept since its historical inception #expands (0.80)
• Religious identity socially raced legally White groups historically and currently #expands (0.80)
• Modern scientific racism displaced religion from the race concept. #contradicts (0.80) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 156
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #exemplifies (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• Different racial classifications converge through shared religious identity #expands (0.78) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 82