Islam was historically perceived as a non-white and Black religion by Europeans

Evidence

This article’s argument is categorically different; it is about the understanding of Islam itself as a non-white religion. There is ample evidence that Europeans saw it as a Black religion. One only has to read Othello. From the late nineteenth century to the mid-1900s, a shift began to take place in American perceptions of the racial character of Muslims and Islam. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 199

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies the book’s core claim: Islam itself — not merely its adherents — is racialized as non-white, distinguishing this from the mere presence of Black and African Muslims in America.
• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source
• XREF: connects to: Hip-hop and celebrity conversions cemented Islam’s association with Black American identity; An Indian Muslim missionary converted Marcus Garvey and re-linked Islam to Black identity; European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Race was co-constituted with religion in European history. #corroborates (0.85) — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion, 31
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #contradicts (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone #corroborates (0.80) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 106
• Islam has been Europe’s defining other across centuries #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 194