Religious identity socially raced legally White groups historically and currently

Evidence

The co-constitutive nature of religion and race means neither identity exists in isolation but rather interacts to produce a racial-religious hierarchy. Religious identity in certain contexts functions as a racial marker. The literature on racial and ethnic formation, although richly developed, does not adequately incorporate the role of religion in producing socially constructed racial hierarchies, or what is known as the racialization of religion. Likewise, the literature on religious freedom tends to overlook the dispositive role that race plays in the subordination of religious minorities. The social construction of Whiteness is shaped as much by religious identity as it is by skin color, hair texture, facial features, and other phenotypical characteristics. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 71 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: American religion is intrinsically bound to gender and family but not to race — Andrew L. Whitehead; Samuel L. Perry, Taking America Back for God, 438; White Citizens’ Council propaganda fused white supremacy, nationalism, and Christianity — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long: The Legacy of White…, 556; Race was co-constituted with religion in European history. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 31 (+15 more)

Broader Connections

• Legally White Jews, Catholics, and Mormons faced discrimination as an in-between race #exemplifies (0.95)
• Religious identity functions as a racial marker within American hierarchies #expands (0.93) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 71