Catholics and Jews were historically racialized as non-White through their religious beliefs.

Evidence

That European Jewish settlers in the twentieth century were raced as Whites, notwithstanding the prevalence of American anti-Semitism, demonstrated America’s changing national identity from Protestant to Judeo- Christian, discussed in chapter 4. In contrast, Palestinians (incorrectly presumed to all be Muslims) were raced as unenlightened barbarians whose political grievances were illegitimate in the face of European Jews’ claims. The racial Whitening of Jews occurred simultaneously with Arabs’ (both Christian and Muslim) transition from racial ambiguity to non-White foreign threats—a key facet of the Racial Muslim construct. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 637 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Race was co-constituted with religion in European history. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 31; White Catholic priests led local campaigns enforcing residential segregation. — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long: The Legacy of White…, 201; Anti-black animus taught European Catholic immigrants that they could be white — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long: The Legacy of White…, 208 (+18 more)

Broader Connections

• Jews were racially Whitened while Arabs were raced as non-White threats #complicates (0.80) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 637