No prior study jointly assessed interest-group, public, and elite influence on policy.

Evidence

Prior to the availability of the data set that we analyze here, no one we are aware of has succeeded at assessing interest-group influence over a comprehensive set of issues, while taking into account the impact of either the public at large or economic elites—let alone analyzing all three types of potential influences simultaneously. — Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, Testing Theories of American Politics, 46

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: No meta-analysis of intergroup contact research existed before this study. — Thomas F. Pettigrew, Linda R. Tropp, A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup…, 29; Measurement limitations bias elite and interest-group influence estimates downward. — Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, Testing Theories of American Politics:…, 94

Broader Connections

• No meta-analysis of intergroup contact research existed before this study. #exemplifies (0.85) — Thomas F. Pettigrew, Linda R. Tropp, A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup…, 29
• Measurement limitations bias elite and interest-group influence estimates downward. #qualifies (0.74) — Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, Testing Theories of American Politics, 94