Hijab appears both as a site of external discrimination and as narrated internal oppression.

Evidence

In what follows I distinguish these dimensions as two distinct angles of Islamophobic discourses on Muslim women: the very real experiences of discrimination and hate crimes in relation to hijab and gendered bodies; and discussions of domestic violence, honor killings, and hijab as violence inflicted upon them by Muslim men as represented in Islamophobic discourses. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 511

Categorization

• DEFINE: The chapter’s grid: hijab as experienced discrimination vs. hijab as a trope of claimed oppression.