Islam itself, not just Muslims, now functions as a legally cognizable race.
Evidence
This article has argued that the racialization of Muslims has been well recognized by scholars but the racialization of Islam itself is at the root of this process. To try to accommodate the interplay of Muslims’ racialization with religion, some have referred to Muslim as a “religioracial” identity. Others have stopped short of calling Muslims and Islam a race, preferring the more conservative racialization idea. In spite of the hesitation to name it so, Islam is now race in every meaningful way within the racial hierarchy of United States and Europe. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 527
Categorization
- XREF: This is the thesis the reader is asked to place against Aziz’s Racial Muslim — it names the target claim precisely. — connects to: Islam has functionally become a race in law within the last twenty years — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 34; Islam has shaped the race concept since its historical inception; Islam comes to function as a race through racecraft that erases internal ethnic differences — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 516 (+13 more)
- SEED: Article angle: why ‘religioracial’ hedging undermines the legal remedy of treating Islamophobia as racism.
- DEFINE: Introduces the ‘religioracial’ term and the author’s rejection of it as too conservative.
Broader Connections
- Islam has functionally become a race in law within the last twenty years
#corroborates(1.00) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 34 - Islam itself constitutes a race produced by Islamophobic racecraft.
#corroborates(1.00) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 106 - Islam comes to function as a race through racecraft that erases internal ethnic differences
#expands(0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 516 - Islamophobia has coalesced Muslims into a distinct racial group and Islam into a race.
#qualifies(0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 61 - Islam functions as a racializing vehicle that fuses religion into racial difference.
#expands(0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 246 - Islam-as-race is a construct independent of actual religious practice.
#complicates(0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 36 - Islam has become a race despite scholars’ hesitation to name it so
#corroborates(0.90) - Islam functions as a full race in American and European hierarchies
#exemplifies(0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 527 - Muslims move down the racial hierarchy rather than becoming a new race
#contradicts(0.90) - Islam has shaped the race concept since its historical inception
#qualifies(0.80) - Targeting and dialectical resistance have made Islam function as a race.
#expands(0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 34 - Muslim religious identity becomes a racial category through surveillance.
#complicates(0.80) - Anti-Muslim racism predates and informs the modern race concept.
#complicates(0.80) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 157 - Islamophobia operates as a racial formation, not merely religious prejudice
#complicates(0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 46 - Orientalism converted Muslim identity from a religion into a race.
#qualifies(0.70) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 161