Niklas Luhmann — Trust and Power

203 published claims from this book.

• 53% of Americans think that coverage of Islam and Muslims by American news organizations is generally unfair to Muslims and Islam.
• A 1982 citizenship law legally excluded and delegitimized Myanmar’s Rohingya Muslims
• A 2009 Urumqi riot triggered China’s campaign against Uighur Muslims
• A brazen courtroom murder of a hijabi went nearly uncovered in Western media
• A country famed for religious tolerance now leads European Islamophobia
• A leaked NSC memo depicted the OIC and Muslim Brotherhood as a monolithic mafia
• A majority of Canadians hold negative views of Islam
• A mosque massacre victim’s family learned his death from the shooter’s livestream
• A New Zealand murder victim’s family accepted his PhD posthumously
• A pogrom against Muslims unfolded in New Delhi while Trump and Modi met
• A settler frontier mythology drives America’s lax gun laws
• A single boilerplate template authored by David Yerushalmi underpins most US anti-Sharia bills.
• A single Islamophobic act can trigger international diplomatic crises
• A US shooter emulated Christchurch against a mosque and synagogue
• Amartya Sen argues identity is not destiny and can be self-constructed
• American mosques deter extremism rather than breed it
• American Muslims now outnumber Episcopalians and will match US Jews by 2030
• American Muslims were a model minority before the September 11 attacks
• An anti-Sharia amendment passed despite admitted absence of any Sharia threat in Oklahoma.
• Anti-Muslim fear is being weaponized electorally in Europe and India simultaneously
• Anti-Muslim fear-mongering empowered by right-wing foundations fuels mainstream hatred.
• Anti-Muslim hate can take root in virtually any country or culture
• Anti-Muslim hate replicates anti-Semitic tropes and spreads between targeted groups
• Anti-Muslim pandering profits while ignoring the permanence of European Muslims
• Anti-Muslim parties now hold significant political weight across European parliaments
• Anti-Muslim politics thrive even where Muslim populations are tiny
• Anti-Muslim prejudice is fueled by lack of personal contact and by organized moneyed interests
• Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia are parallel projects of majority exclusion
• Anti-Sharia hysteria mirrors nineteenth-century European claims that Jewish law bred disloyalty
• Anti-Sharia initiatives function like anti-gay marriage initiatives as a GOP wedge issue
• Anti-Sharia legislation correlates with a 67 percent rise in anti-Muslim hate crimes.
• Anti-Sharia legislation spikes in pre-election years to mobilize conservative voters.
• Armed anti-mosque protesters frame Muslim religious freedom as an extremist victory
• Armed groups staged nationwide protests outside US mosques since 2016
• Assimilated Jews who accept the dominant system become its most aggressive defenders
• Assimilation into British business culture did not protect a Muslim from anti-Muslim murder.
• At least 120 anti-Sharia bills have been introduced across 42 US states since 2010.
• Authoritarian leaders surround themselves with subordinates who never question them
• Bachmann leveraged conspiracy claims to attack Hillary Clinton’s Muslim aide
• British Muslims are a diverse minority diaspora, not a monolith
• Buddhist monks led an anti-Muslim boycott and incitement campaign in Myanmar
• Centrist moves against Muslims can legitimize far-right parties rather than weaken them
• Charlie Hebdo attackers were irreligious criminals, not devout holy warriors.
• China’s internment camps aim to erase Uighur Islamic identity
• Christchurch and Norway shooters were linked through shared online extremist culture
• Circulating veiled-woman imagery deadens Westerners’ sense of Muslim women’s diversity
• Clash-of-civilizations ideology animated the Trump administration’s core policies
• Concrete data show Muslim-majority nations integrating modernization and pluralism
• Coordinated armed protests at American mosques continued years after Park51
• Cox’s Bazaar is now the world’s largest refugee settlement
• Designating the Muslim Brotherhood would hand terrorists a recruiting propaganda tool.
• Eight Nobel laureates pressed for a genocide designation that reached the ICJ
• Elite equivocation on white supremacy enables violent right-wing action
• Erdogan contradicted his own foreign ministry to court China
• Europe’s Muslim population is a decade younger than the non-Muslim median.
• Europe’s Muslim share would double every decade and a half even with zero immigration
• European anti-Semitism and Islamophobia mirror each other in structure.
• European bigotry presumes Jews and Muslims have somewhere else to go.
• European Islamophobia has moved from the far right into the political mainstream.
• European Muslim integration will enrich rather than harm Europe
• European Muslim populations would keep growing even with zero immigration
• European politicians weaponize hijab bans across the political spectrum
• Federal courts found religious animus drove both versions of the Muslim ban.
• Fewer than a hundred Quebec residents wear face-covering niqab or burqa
• Forty percent of post-election hate crimes explicitly invoked Trump’s name or slogans
• Founders weaponized Islam as a slur in election politics
• France holds Europe’s most favorable Muslim views yet wildly overestimates Muslim population.
• France’s 2003 hijab ban launched Europe’s wave of anti-Muslim dress laws
• France’s anti-Muslim center effectively serves its far-right fringe
• France’s laïcité secularism now targets Muslim identity almost exclusively
• Funded think tanks drafted template anti-Sharia laws making belief a felony
• George Soros explicitly compared the Rohingya persecution to the Holocaust
• German anti-Muslim hate crimes rose 87 percent in just two years
• Gorka taught FBI counterterrorism agents that all Muslims adhere to Sharia law
• Group scapegoating has recurred against Jews, Irish, Chinese, Roma, and LGBTQ people
• Half of American Muslims also received positive support for their faith.
• Half of Germany’s four million Muslims lack citizenship and its entitlements.
• Halima Aden rose from Kenyan refugee to international fashion model
• Halima Aden was the first hijabi woman on Vogue’s cover
• Hate harms bystanders beyond its direct targets
• Hillary Clinton’s 2008 campaign staff leaked the Obama turban photo to the press
• Hillary Clinton’s front-lines rhetoric marginalizes American Muslim political agency
• Human rights organizations identified Myanmar’s ethnic cleansing years before the main genocide
• Human Rights Watch documented murder, rape, and torture in Chinese camps
• Huntington conceded his theory was routinely abused by right-wing polemicists
• Huntington disavowed being an expert on Islam
• Huntington himself rejected a stark two-bloc Muslim-versus-West framing
• Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib were the first Muslim women elected to Congress
• Ilhan Omar faced a headscarf-ripping threat a month after her 2016 election
• Imran Khan feigned ignorance about Uighurs despite sharing a border with Xinjiang
• India built its first mass detention center for stateless Muslims
• India will host the world’s largest Muslim population by 2060 despite Hindu dominance
• India’s CAA stripped citizenship from millions of predominantly Muslim residents
• Inglehart and Norris claimed gender equality scores prove the Muslim world remains pre-modern.
• International law defines refugees by well-founded fear of persecution
• ISIS deliberately provokes anti-Muslim backlash to recruit new members.
• Islam has been framed by passion, prejudice, and political interests since the Middle Ages
• Islamic religious piety inversely correlates with attraction to violent extremist groups.
• Islamic translations of Greek and Indian texts catalyzed the European Renaissance.
• Islamophobia began as colonial administrators’ anti-Muslim views across French west Africa
• Islamophobia has become the normative and party-platform standard in America.
• Islamophobia mirrors classical anti-Semitism point for point
• Islamophobia remains Europe’s one tolerated and even encouraged racist ideology
• Islamophobia rests on a false notion of European ethnic purity
• Islamophobia undermines democracy by manufacturing fear and manufactured consent.
• Islamophobic fringe politicians have become mainstream coalition power-brokers
• Islamophobic terrorism operates on incoherent, circular grievances
• Large minorities of Americans hold unfavorable views of Islam and Muslims
• Lax US gun laws let white supremacist hate crimes threaten everyone
• Le Pen’s anti-Muslim rhetoric tapped Algerian War post-colonial resentments
• Liberal elites condemn overt Islamophobia while endorsing identical institutionalized targeting
• Liberal Islamophobia condemns Islam-bashing while championing programs that target Muslims
• Major Western fashion houses now produce Ramadan and modest collections
• Malala Yousafzai publicly pressed Aung San Suu Kyi to stop the Rohingya genocide
• MBS branded all Chinese Uighurs terrorists to sanctify China’s crackdown
• Media coverage of Muslim women collapses them into an oppressed-or-dangerous binary
• Millions of European-born Muslims have been relegated to second-class citizenry.
• Modern racism against Muslims persists through more polite, euphemistic policy language
• Modi’s political rise remains tied to the 2002 Gujarat pogrom against Muslims
• Moneyed interests propagate fear to block even minor gun-law changes
• Murfreesboro mosque construction was delayed five years by protests and lawsuits
• Muslim scholars invented decimal fractions, trigonometry, and the basis for Copernicus.
• Muslim-perpetrated attacks receive dramatically disproportionate news coverage
• Muslims are demographically dispersed and diverse, not a monolithic Arab bloc
• Muslims are uniquely cast as counterterrorism soldiers while white Americans never are
• Muslims exceed five percent of American doctors yet remain excluded from the fearful image
• Nearly all Islamic-takeover alarm traces to a single dubious 1991 memo.
• Nearly half of American Muslims experienced anti-Muslim discrimination within a single year.
• Nearly half of Americans believed Islam encourages violence in 2010
• New Zealand banned semi-automatic rifles and heard Muslim call to prayer after Christchurch.
• No hard evidence supports a Muslim Brotherhood terrorist designation beyond one discredited memo.
• NRA-backed groups position Muslims as interchangeable boogeymen
• Obama’s own campaign removed hijab-wearing supporters over optics concerns
• One New Zealand massacre victim was an ordinary local shopkeeper named Junaid Ismail.
• Orban mislabeled refugees as economic migrants to justify deportation
• Othering Muslims suppresses public outrage at their disparate treatment
• Over one million Uighur Muslims are imprisoned in Chinese internment camps
• Pamela Geller is the anti-Muslim movement’s most visible figurehead.
• Personal contact with Muslims predicts more favorable attitudes toward them
• Political Islamophobia’s modern form began with Obama’s 2008 presidential election.
• Political leader responses define how shared tragedies are framed
• Politicians gain power by promising protection against imagined threats
• Propaganda originated as a Jesuit missionary term in the 1600s
• Protective powers actively maintain their subjects’ vulnerability, not merely respond to it.
• Racial identity shapes whether the same clothing provokes bans
• Refusing to name white nationalists while condemning Muslims weaponizes Islamophobia
• Relaxed immigration to Chinese immigrants required ally status and decades more
• Right-wing politicians stoked a clash-of-civilizations narrative that globally increased Islamophobia.
• Saudi-China trade deals exceeded sixty-three billion dollars since 2018
• Seven foundations funneled 42 million dollars to five anti-Muslim activists
• Sharia and fiqh refer to distinct concepts Westerners conflate
• Substantial minorities of Americans endorse curtailing Muslim civil liberties
• Switzerland banned mosque minarets despite only four existing nationwide.
• Terrorist designations function as tools to criminalize Muslim civic participation.
• The 2016 race weaponized nonspecific Muslim fear for electoral gain
• The Afghan liberation narrative expanded to cover nearly one billion women
• The Belt and Road Initiative’s trillion-dollar stakes explain Muslim states’ silence on Uighur persecution
• The Boston Marathon bombing overshadowed a deadlier white supremacist attack in coverage
• The Chinese Exclusion Act barred ethnic Chinese from citizenship and immigration
• The Chinese Exclusion Act transformed America into a gatekeeping nation
• The Christchurch killings were rooted in the denial that Muslims can integrate and belong.
• The Christchurch shooter targeted Muslims tactically as the most flammable group
• The CIA warned that designating the Muslim Brotherhood would fuel extremism.
• The clash-of-civilizations thesis spanned both US political parties
• The entire US foreign policy establishment shared soft-power dominance assumptions until Trump
• The European Court of Justice allowed religious-symbol bans only if applied generally
• The expanded travel ban targeted heavily Muslim African nations.
• The FBI secretly placed tracking devices on cars of ordinary young American Muslims
• The fear of Muslims taking over has no concrete content.
• The Great Replacement narrative exposes Muslims to threat from any direction worldwide
• The Great Replacement narrative kills even those it plainly does not fit.
• The hate driving white-supremacist terrorism is not personal but abstract.
• The hijab functions as a symbol of defiance against colonialism and Islamophobia
• The hijab-oppresses-women narrative is sexist and contradicts surveyed Muslim women
• The ICJ unanimously ordered Myanmar to prevent genocide against the Rohingya
• The Muslim Brotherhood designation push aimed at controlling American Muslims rather than fighting terrorism.
• The Muslim Brotherhood designation would threaten constitutional rights of US Muslims.
• The Park51 controversy triggered anti-mosque movements across the Western world
• The perceived threats posed by female Muslim converts challenge false stereotypes about oppressed Muslim women and create fear for nationalists by challenging Western societal norms of…
• The Replacement logic makes any moderate immigration position an accusation target
• The Rohingya are indigenous to Myanmar despite government claims they are immigrants
• The RSS was ideologically modeled on European fascism, including Nazi antisemitism
• The Supreme Court ruled religious accommodation duties apply even without explicit requests
• The template’s neutral language masks a singular anti-Muslim targeting intent.
• The vast majority of European Islamophobic hate-crime victims are Muslim women
• The word propaganda originated in 1622 as a Catholic term for spreading the faith.
• Trump condemned attacks by non-whites quickly but slow to criticize white supremacists.
• Trump publicly downplayed global white supremacy after Christchurch
• Trump tacitly endorsed India’s anti-Muslim citizenship policies
• Trump’s anti-Muslim rhetoric increased American hostility toward Muslims.
• Trump’s election triggered a 300-percent spike in anti-Muslim hate group membership
• Trumpism outlives Trump and continues fueling Muslim disenfranchisement.
• Trumpism’s Islamophobic ideology predates Trump’s presidency, rooted in birtherism
• UK hate crimes against Muslims and Jews rose together in one year
• Washington hosted the Muslim Brotherhood’s leadership while branding Brotherhood violence acceptable
• Western discourse displaces Muslim threats onto obsessing over women’s clothing
• Western media coverage of Buddhist anti-Muslim violence drew little public reaction
• Westerners disbelieved the Rohingya genocide because of their high opinion of Suu Kyi
• Wheaton College fired a professor for affirming Christians and Muslims worship the same God
• White evangelicals and FOX News viewers widely believe Muslims seek to impose Sharia
• White supremacist attacks against any minority serve as roundabout strikes at Muslims
• White supremacist killers are prosecuted as hate criminals rather than charged as terrorists
• White supremacist murders in the US more than doubled in 2017