The vast majority of European Islamophobic hate-crime victims are Muslim women

Evidence

In the Netherlands, over 90 percent of the victims of Islamophobic hate crime incidents in 2015 were Muslim women. In France, 82 percent of Islamophobic violence in 2014 recorded by the Collective Against Islamophobia targeted Muslim women. In Belgium, 64 percent of Islamophobic hate crimes in the three-year period between January 2012 and September 2015 concerned Muslim women. And in Germany, a survey found that 59 percent of female Muslim respondents claimed that they had been publicly insulted, verbally abused, or physically assaulted by strangers. — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 412

Categorization

• XREF: Cross-country comparative data across Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Germany — precisely the transnational evidence the reader’s capstone needs. — connects to: French Muslim women are the demographic most policed by France’s culture wars; Muslim women’s bodies are the first site of state policing in Islamophobic societies; State Islamophobia operates first through policing Muslim women’s bodies. (+2 more)
• SEED: The gendered-victimization stat across four countries is a strong opening datum for a synthesis chapter on gendered Islamophobia in the West.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 412

Broader Connections

• Muslim women’s bodies are the first site of state policing in Islamophobic societies #exemplifies (0.60)
• State Islamophobia operates first through policing Muslim women’s bodies. #exemplifies (0.55)
• French Muslim women are the demographic most policed by France’s culture wars #expands (0.50)
• Muslim women are surveilled for cultural transgression while men are watched for terror potential #corroborates (0.50) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 92