Racism has empirical grounding that Islamophobia still lacks

Evidence

As highlighted in the deployment of the neologism and concept of Islamophobia, so racism can be deployed in equally inflationary ways, where little or no context or apparent grounding exists. Unlike Islamophobia though, extensive research and evidence has been produced that firstly sought to define and conceptualise racism, and secondly to provide credence and theoretical evidence for its existence. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 789

Racism: ‘theoretically shifting from a focus on product to process’ … Across the various analyses of Islamophobia undertaken here, one significant phenomenon has been recurrently identified as being particularly concomitant and correlative. Yet despite its recurrent nature, little if indeed any significant correlative consideration has been undertaken in order to identify how the two may well be either complimentarily informing and theoretically correlative, or indeed interconnected with the possibility of Islamophobia being incorporated as a dimension of this much broader phenomenon. This recurrent phenomenon is therefore racism. Indeed as noted here, numerous sources have referred to racism as overlapping and being similar to Islamophobia, whilst elsewhere, traditional markers, forms and consequences of racism have been employed to attempt to substantiate an Islamophobia, something that has detrimentally contributed to the anecdotal nature of the phenomenon. Elsewhere RAREN 3 identified that in some contexts such phenomena might be better termed ‘anti-Muslim racism’, whilst the EUMC report acknowledged that, ‘expressions of Islamophobia have certainly in some instances simply been a “cover” for general racism’. nonetheless, theories relating to racism, in terms of Islamophobia at least remain not only under-explored but somewhat unexplored, justifying the pursuance of such an investigation here. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 761

Categorization

• QUESTION: Allen claims racism has superior empirical grounding than Islamophobia — is this fair given 2017 Runnymede and the substantial empirical literature since?
• DEFINE: Signals Allen’s move toward the racialization turn — aligning with RAREN 3’s ‘anti-Muslim racism’ and away from the purely cultural reading.
• XREF: Directly relevant to the 2017 Runnymede racialization turn versus Bleich’s neutral formulation — this passage positions Allen’s own stake. — connects to: Racism scholarship’s biologistic paradigms long excluded anti-Muslim discrimination as unclassifiable — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 588; Public Islamophobia debate lacks empirical grounding and nuance — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 42; Muslims were told anti-Muslim racism cannot exist because Muslims are not a race — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 583 (+13 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 789; Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 761

Related

• Separating Islamophobia as ideology from racism undermines anti-racist struggle (similarity 0.87)
• Ungrounded definitions let racism and Islamophobia be dismissed or perpetuated (similarity 0.86)
• The report’s racial-religious conflation undermines Islamophobia’s distinctiveness as a category (similarity 0.86)
• Islamophobia is best understood and countered as a form of anti-Muslim racism. (similarity 0.85)
• Islamophobia is best understood as an ideology akin to racism (similarity 0.85)
• Anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of the causal factor Islamophobia (similarity 0.84)
• The Runnymede report classed Islamophobia as racism without defining it as racism (similarity 0.84)
• Interpreting Islamophobia solely as cultural racism essentialises and reduces the faith (similarity 0.84)
• Muslims were told anti-Muslim racism cannot exist because Muslims are not a race (similarity 0.84)
• Mainstream race-equality groups narrowed Islamophobia to mere religious discrimination (similarity 0.84)
• The Runnymede Trust acknowledged Islamophobia as racism in 1994 (similarity 0.84)
• Islamophobia centers on recognition of Muslim-ness and its ideological meaning (similarity 0.84)
• Four conceptual moves permit the de-racialization of Islamophobia (similarity 0.83)
• Racism scholarship long confined itself to biological black-white and antisemitic models (similarity 0.83)
• Islamophobia as a term originally means unfounded hostility toward Islam, not structural racism. (similarity 0.83)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia remains legitimate while racism has become illegitimate #qualifies (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 846
• Islamophobia remains more socially acceptable than other Western prejudices #qualifies (0.80) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 710