Anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of the causal factor Islamophobia

Evidence

My analysis treats Islamophobia as a causal factor in the outcome of anti-Muslim racism. That is, anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of Islamophobia. Islamophobia first became a term of art in a 1997 report by the Runnymede Trust’s Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia titled “Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All.” Defined in the report as “the dread, hatred, and hostility towards Islam and Muslims perpetrated by a series of closed views that imply and attribute negative and derogatory stereotypes and beliefs to Muslims,” Islamophobia results in practices that discriminated against Muslims through myriad state and private mechanisms, which fall under the rubric “anti-Muslim racism.” — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 133

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies how the author distinguishes and relates the two contested terms Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism.
• XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim racism contains internal contradictions and countervailing tendencies that resist neat causal models; Islamophobia operates as a racial formation, not merely religious prejudice — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 46; European colonial racial practice of differentiating Islam preceded and enabled modern Islamophobia (+4 more)