Racial capitalism and colonial discourse drive Islam’s racialization over centuries

Evidence

That racialization is rooted in racial capitalism, in the slave trade, in colonialism, and in the discourses of civilization that set white Europeans apart from all others. The coupling of Islam with race began in early slavery in the United States and colonization in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa, and continued into the twentieth century in the immigration context. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 148

Categorization

• XREF: Names racial capitalism and civilization discourse as causes — echoes Robinson’s Black Marxism and sets up the racecraft-mechanism comparison with Aziz’s account. — connects to: Colonial differentiation between Muslims and Europeans is a precursor to race formation — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112; Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112; Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization (+11 more)

Broader Connections

• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. #corroborates (0.95) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112
• Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization #corroborates (0.94)
• Economic transition to capitalist imperialism produced Muslims as a racial category #corroborates (0.93) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 83
• European colonial racial practice of differentiating Islam preceded and enabled modern Islamophobia #corroborates (0.92)
• Racializations of South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims were intertwined from capitalism’s start #corroborates (0.90)
• The racialization of Muslims was anchored in Enlightenment-era colonial ideologies #expands (0.85) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 185
• American imperialism, Orientalism, coercive assimilation, and White supremacy jointly produce racialized Muslim categories #corroborates (0.82) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 80
• US economic imperialism generated modernization theory rooted in racist assumptions about Muslims #exemplifies (0.80) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 745
• Islamophobia predates its neologism as a racism tied to the history of race #corroborates (0.80) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 104
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #expands (0.78) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• Orientalist and anti-Black racial tropes of Islam merged in the 1920s #exemplifies (0.76)
• Muslim racialization is structural and persists with political utility #expands (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 480
• Islam has shaped the race concept since its historical inception #expands (0.72)