European colonial racial practice of differentiating Islam preceded and enabled modern Islamophobia

Evidence

Although ”Islamophobia” is a fairly recent neologism, it has long existed as a conceptual framework; as a kind of racism that developed in relation to the history of the concept of race. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 104 (#expands, via linked claim)

My analysis treats Islamophobia as a causal factor in the outcome of anti-Muslim racism. That is, anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of Islamophobia. Islamophobia first became a term of art in a 1997 report by the Runnymede Trust’s Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia titled “Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All.” Defined in the report as “the dread, hatred, and hostility towards Islam and Muslims perpetrated by a series of closed views that imply and attribute negative and derogatory stereotypes and beliefs to Muslims,” Islamophobia results in practices that discriminated against Muslims through myriad state and private mechanisms, which fall under the rubric “anti-Muslim racism.” — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 133 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source
• XREF: connects to: Islamophobia is an ideology justifying racism, not a Hegelian dialectic. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 46; Islam-as-race emerges only after Muslims coalesce as a racial group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 110; Islamophobia predates its modern name as a racial logic (+16 more)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia predates its modern name as a racial logic #corroborates (0.85)
• Islamophobia predates its neologism as a racism tied to the history of race #expands (0.85) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 104
• Anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of the causal factor Islamophobia #expands (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 133
• Islamophobia began as colonial administrators’ anti-Muslim views across French west Africa #exemplifies (0.80) — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 484
• Islamophobia operates as a racial formation, not merely religious prejudice #corroborates (0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 46
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• Eternalised historical stereotypes render Islamophobia without a discernible beginning or end #expands (0.75) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 887