Pre-1970s Muslim-targeted discrimination belonged to older white-supremacy systems

Evidence

Two international factors interact with two domestic factors to produce this outcome. American imperial designs and Orientalism interact with coercive assimilationism of immigrants and White Protestant supremacy. The interplay of these four factors produce five typologies of the Racial Muslim: (1) Religious Dissident, (2) Religious, (3) Secular Dissident, (4) Secular, and (5) Former Muslim. The typology partially explains the interplay between the state’s prioritization of certain Muslims in national security enforcement, on the one hand, and individual identity performances by Muslims seeking to avoid the material and dignitary harms arising from racialization, on the other. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 80 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: American imperialism, Orientalism, coercive assimilation, and White supremacy jointly produce racialized Muslim categories — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 80; Current Muslim targeting extends a long history of minority-religion racialization; Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112 (+7 more)

Broader Connections

• American imperialism, Orientalism, coercive assimilation, and White supremacy jointly produce racialized Muslim categories #expands (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 80
• Current Muslim targeting extends a long history of minority-religion racialization #corroborates (0.85)
• European colonial racial practice of differentiating Islam preceded and enabled modern Islamophobia #corroborates (0.82)
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. #corroborates (0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112
• The global racial system shaped Muslims’ place in the U.S. #corroborates (0.78) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 98
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone #expands (0.75) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 106
• Pre-modern anti-Muslim prejudice laid racial groundwork without full racial ideology #expands (0.72)
• Terrorism racialization evolved from Arabs to Iranians and South Asians from the late 1960s #qualifies (0.72) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 215
• The shared underlying logic of racialization persists across Jew and Muslim targets #expands (0.72) — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion, 40