Anti-Muslim racism cannot be understood only through recent U.S. racial formations

Evidence

Even though my arguments ultimately are situated in the context of recent U.S.- based racial formations and the rubric of old and new racisms, I nonetheless argue that Islamophobia and anti–Muslim racism must be understood in a global historical context. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 104

Categorization

• SEED: Article angle: how treating Islamophobia as purely a post-9/11 or contemporary U.S. phenomenon misses its long entanglement with the history of the concept of race itself.
• XREF: connects to: US anti-Muslim racism emerged only with America’s imperial power in the Middle East