Islamic identity rendered immigrants non-white in citizenship cases regardless of legal test

Evidence

This resulted in conflicting decisions about who was white depending on which method the courts relied on. Regardless of the definition of white in the cases, Islam rendered a person non-white most of the time. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 154

Categorization

• XREF: Directly parallels the racial-prerequisite citizenship cases Haney López surveys and the argument Aziz makes about ‘Racial Muslim’ history. — connects to: Islamic identity exceeded skin color in rendering Arabs non-white for citizenship; The 1924 Asiatic Barred Zone placed nearly all Muslims outside admissible whiteness; Muslim identity was legally treated as proof of non-whiteness — Moustafa Bayoumi, How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being…, 979 (+20 more)
• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source

Broader Connections

• Muslim identity was legally treated as proof of non-whiteness #corroborates (0.95) — Moustafa Bayoumi, How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being…, 979
• Islam functionally disqualified citizenship applicants from whiteness regardless of method #corroborates (0.95) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 153
• Religion shaped whether courts classified Arab immigrants as White for citizenship #corroborates (0.90) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 521
• A religious identity coded as non-white could legally bar naturalization. #corroborates (0.90)
• Islam was not associated with whiteness, blocking Muslim naturalization #corroborates (0.90) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 89
• Citizenship status does not shield Muslim Americans from suspicion #expands (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 443
• Racialization denies Muslim Americans the individuality that American citizenship requires #expands (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 347
• Cultural difference is racialized into immutable grounds for excluding Muslims from citizenship #corroborates (0.85)
• Conversion does not erase racialized Muslim identity #expands (0.85)
• Racial Muslims are denied American national identity despite citizenship or birth in the US. #expands (0.80) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 76
• Political dissidence plus Muslim identity turned a trivial immigration error into a deportation case #exemplifies (0.80) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 890
• Racialized Muslim identity likely blocks immigrant Muslims from full citizenship benefits. #expands (0.80)
• Muslim citizenship in America is negated by religious identity after crises #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 340
• An ethnic minority identity invites questions while a Muslim identity invites hostile expulsion #expands (0.80)
• Birthplace-based citizenship created arbitrariness and legal contradiction with Muslim personal status #qualifies (0.75)