Islam functionally disqualified citizenship applicants from whiteness regardless of method

Evidence

All applicants had to show that they were either white or Black. In his review of the prerequisite cases, Ian Haney López argues that whiteness was determined by two prevailing methods: science and common knowledge. … Regardless of the definition of white in the cases, Islam rendered a person non-white most of the time. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 153

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to earlier chapter claim that court condemnation of polygamy treated Christianity and whiteness as joint civilization markers, and to the broader ‘whiteness as legal status’ literature (Haney López, Whiteness as Property). — connects to: Successful naturalization turned on concealing Islam and emphasizing Christianity — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 156; Islamic identity rendered immigrants non-white in citizenship cases regardless of legal test — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 154; Islam was not associated with whiteness, blocking Muslim naturalization — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 89 (+14 more)

Broader Connections

• Islam was not associated with whiteness, blocking Muslim naturalization #corroborates (0.95) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 89
• Muslim identity was legally treated as proof of non-whiteness #corroborates (0.95) — Moustafa Bayoumi, How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being…, 979
• Courts treated Islam, not skin color alone, as the disqualifying factor for citizenship #corroborates (0.95) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 161
• Islamic identity exceeded skin color in rendering Arabs non-white for citizenship #expands (0.85)
• Religion shaped whether courts classified Arab immigrants as White for citizenship #corroborates (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 521
• Converting to Islam causes white people to be reracialized as non-white #expands (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 89
• Cultural difference is racialized into immutable grounds for excluding Muslims from citizenship #expands (0.80)
• Denying citizenship on religious grounds helped construct American whiteness. #expands (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 117
• Arabs’ citizenship eligibility flip-flopped because courts inconsistently defined whiteness #expands (0.75)
• Converting to Islam or wearing the hijab causes loss of whiteness privileges #expands (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 261
• Early Levantine immigrants were deemed inassimilable non-Whites due to Muslim affiliation #corroborates (0.75) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 484