Implicit bias operates below awareness and resists admission even when perceived

Evidence

There are two types of bias: explicit and implicit. Explicit bias refers to the kinds of bias that people knowingly express and sometimes embrace. Implicit bias is less visible. It is often so subtle or ingrained that those who hold it are not aware of it (Rachlinski, 2009). Implicit biases are especially difficult to discuss because even when one is in touch with them, one is unlikely to admit or address them. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 666

Categorization

• DEFINE: Cleanly distinguishes explicit from implicit bias and identifies their key properties.
• XREF: Directly relevant to the reader’s core research question about the divergence between professed conviction and measured bias — implicit bias is the mechanism of that gap. — connects to: Implicit cognition is past experience’s unnoticed trace shaping responses. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes,…, 21; Awareness of prior influence marks the boundary separating implicit cognition from priming effects — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes,…, 40; Stereotypes can operate implicitly outside conscious awareness — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes,…, 193
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 666