Anti-Muslim stereotypes recycle older racialized images of black and Asian youth across decades.

Evidence

This has positioned ‘the Muslim community’ as homogeneous, outside of and opposed to Britishness, and understood through stereotypes of poverty and the underclass, criminality, misogyny, cultural and generational conflict, identity crisis, and the clash of civilizations. These older racial and ethnic stereotypes have been dusted down and recycled to explain everything from the 2001 ‘riots’ (Alexander 2004) to grooming, ‘gangs’, forced marriage, FGM (female genital mutilation), mythical Trojan horses (Miah 2017) and electoral misconduct. It is worth noting, for example, that explanations for the ‘Asian gang’ folk devil of the 1990s (Alexander 2000) drew on the same images of cultural dysfunction and identity crisis that demonized black youth in the 1980s (Alexander 1996), urban ‘gangs’ in the 2000s (Alexander 2008), and Muslim ‘grooming gangs’ and ‘fundamentalism’ in the 2010s. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 169

Categorization

• XREF: The recycling of folk devils across decades strengthens the racialization camp in the field’s definitional debate — the continuity of racist content regardless of label is the evidence. — connects to: The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 163; African American Muslims experience racialized religion differently due to distinct history — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 478; Religious identity racializes Arab and South Asian Muslims along shared lines (+6 more)

Related

• Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish stereotyping operates through racialization rather than mere religious prejudice. (similarity 0.85)
• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim migrants were initially subsumed under the hegemonic ‘Asian’ label (similarity 0.84)
• The racialized Muslim category swept in non-Muslims who merely look Muslim (similarity 0.83)
• Invasion-era stereotypes of foreign Muslims double as domestic anti-immigrant racism (similarity 0.82)
• Anti-Muslim racism collapses diverse names, skin tones, dress, and nations into one imagined enemy. (similarity 0.82)
• Islam’s racialization dates to American slavery, not modern immigration debates (similarity 0.82)
• Islamophobia has coalesced Muslims into a distinct racial group and Islam into a race. (similarity 0.82)
• Anti-Muslim signification is culturally constructed rather than biologically grounded. (similarity 0.82)
• Islamophobia and racial prejudice are entangled in distinct ways across Western contexts (similarity 0.81)
• American popular perception linked Islam to Black identity and decolonial violence until recent decades (similarity 0.81)
• Racialization of Muslims is historically discontinuous and empire-contingent. (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-Muslim racialization is unstable, contested, and co-produced with anti-racism (similarity 0.80)
• Islamophobia fixates a reified Muslim type despite race’s dynamic nature. (similarity 0.80)
• Islamophobia operates as a racial formation, not merely religious prejudice (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels #corroborates (0.90) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 163
• Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish stereotyping operates through racialization rather than mere religious prejudice. #corroborates (0.85) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 700
• Muslim migrants were initially subsumed under the hegemonic ‘Asian’ label #expands (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 50
• Religious identity racializes Arab and South Asian Muslims along shared lines #corroborates (0.82)
• Anti-Blackness and Islamophobia assign deviance through parallel racializing logics #corroborates (0.82) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1119
• Structural Islamophobia and structural racism share embedded institutional stereotypes #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 130
• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. #expands (0.80)
• African American Muslims experience racialized religion differently due to distinct history #complicates (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 478
• Enlightenment thinkers retained older anti-Muslim stereotypes #corroborates (0.72) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 161