Two international and two domestic factors generate five Racial Muslim types

Evidence

Hence the Racial Muslim has been under social construction for more than a century. Whether he was the barbaric Turk categorized as Asian in naturalization laws, the Black Muslim militant challenging White supremacy, the Arab nationalist suspected of being a Communist, or the Palestinian terrorist prioritized as a security threat, the Racial Muslim serves the state’s and the elites’ political interests. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 1073 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Five orientalist perceptions of Arabs shaped distinct Racial Muslim categories; The global racial system shaped Muslims’ place in the U.S. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 98; Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 106 (+10 more)

Broader Connections

• The Racial Muslim category shifts over time to serve state interests #complicates (0.78)
• The Racial Muslim stereotype shifts to serve state and elite political interests #complicates (0.77) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 1073
• Muslim racialization into Whiteness depends on phenotype and skin color #complicates (0.75)
• Sustained connection to Islam, not geography or phenotype, determines racial inclusion as Muslim. #complicates (0.73) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 107