Anti-Muslim hostility is older than race as a modern category

Evidence

These more ‘spectacular’ moments need, however, to be placed against a longer and broader backdrop of Muslim demonization in Britain and, I would argue, cannot be understood without this historical and discursive racist hinterland. As Nasar Meer (2013) has powerfully argued, the Muslim presence in Britain has long been seen as unwelcome and problematic – a perception predating, in fact, modern ideas of biological racism and running in parallel with long historical antisemitic antecedents, which have pathologized and persecuted religious difference marked through descent, ‘race’ and ‘culture’. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 167 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim racism has no unbroken historical continuity from medieval to modern forms; Hostility to British Muslims predates modern biological racism and parallels antisemitism — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 167; Anti-Muslim racism cannot be understood only through recent U.S. racial formations — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 104 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Hostility to British Muslims predates modern biological racism and parallels antisemitism #corroborates (0.92) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 167