African American and immigrant Muslims face distinct, not merged, forms of discrimination

Evidence

The root cause of discrimination against African American Muslims lies largely in the legacies of slavery that produced Jim Crow segregation laws, lynchings, mass incarceration, school-to-jail pipelines, and the extreme poverty of Black innercity ghettos. In contrast, discrimination against immigrant Muslims is animated largely by Orientalism, American empire in Muslim-majority countries, xenophobia, and theologically based Islamophobia. A book about anti-Muslim racism that merges the experiences of immigrant and African American Muslims thus risks erasure of the important, nuanced distinctions between the two groups’ past and present subordination. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 117 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Although in this book I show that South Asians and Arabs encounter similar experiences because they are Muslim, African American Muslims’ encounters with a racialized religious identity may differ because of their unique history with racism in the United States. The hijab may mark African Americans as foreigners like it does for South Asians and Arabs, altering the way their bodies are read and, subsequently, the way they are treated. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 670 (#expands, via linked claim)

A 2007 study of Muslim Americans reported that 53% of Muslim Americans have found it more difficult to be a Muslim in the United States since the September 11th terrorist attacks.7’ Twentyfive percent of Muslim Americans say they have been the victim of discrimination in the United States. Within the 25% far more native-born Muslims than Muslim immigrants say they have been a victim of discrimination. — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt, 152 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Housing discrimination affects both Black and nonblack Muslims more than any other Philadelphia group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 484; Diasporic Muslims read American race relations through migrant labor hierarchies; Muslim Americans face discrimination layered across race, faith, gender, and legal status — Naheed Ahmed, Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal…, 22 (+10 more)

Broader Connections

• African American and immigrant Muslims face distinct forms of anti-Muslim racism. #corroborates (0.98) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 117
• African American Muslims’ racialization under surveillance likely differs from immigrant Muslims’. #expands (0.92) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 670
• Native-born Muslims report discrimination far more than immigrants do #complicates (0.76) — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt, 152
• Anti-Muslim discrimination patterns parallel those faced by other US minorities #complicates (0.74) — Naheed Ahmed, Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal…, 18
• Muslim America’s narrative is rooted in blackness, not Arab identity #complicates (0.73) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 85