Visible Muslim markers on bodies, names, and posts determine victimisation risk

Evidence

A common characteristic amongst all the participants was the fact that they were ‘visibly’ Muslim. This means that they could be identified as practising Muslims particularly through their appearance. For example, the female participants were ‘visibly’ Muslim through wearing the jilbab, hijab and/or niqab. The male participants were ‘visibly’ Muslim because they had a beard, wore the traditional Islamic clothing and/or a cap. Moreover, participants could be identified as practising Muslims because of their name, and/or comments that they had made online. — Irene Zempi and Imran Awan, Islamophobia, 62

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Directly extends the published piece on moral panics over ‘immodest’ dress: here dress and grooming are the mechanism by which victims become legible as targets, plus online speech becoming a readable marker.