Social support in disasters ranges from individual acts to collective cooperation.

Evidence

Both conceptually and empirically, it is important to distinguish between different forms of social support given and sought in disasters (Norris, Murphy, Kaniasty, Perilla, & Coronel Ortis, 2001). Thus, aside from instrumental support, emotional support is needed in disasters (Shultz, 2013). This refers to actions that show concern and make the survivor feel cared for, such as putting an arm round someone or asking if they are okay (World Health Organization, 2011). Both of these forms of individual social support can be distinguished from social support as cooperation. Here the actor is not simply an individual helping another, but rather part of a group or community coordinating their activity on behalf of the collective, and the activity is one that cannot be achieved alone—for example, participation in organized rescue activities (e.g., Gordon, 2004) or cooperation to remove a heavy door together when people are trapped (Cocking, 2013). — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 27

Categorization

• DEFINE: Cleanly distinguishes emotional, instrumental, and cooperative/collective forms of social support in disaster settings.
• corroborated: 4 independent passages support this claim — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 27
• XREF: connects to: Survivors who experienced unity in an emergency also helped others. — John Drury, The role of social identity processes…, 72; Disasters forge new social bonds via shared external threat. — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 16; Disaster survivors who feel shared fate identify socially and give emotional support — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 73 (+15 more)

Related

• Emergency services overwhelmed after sudden disasters make mutual aid essential for survival. (similarity 0.92)
• Shared emergent identity from common fate explains collective support amid disasters (similarity 0.91)
• Survivors who experienced unity in an emergency also helped others. (similarity 0.91)
• Crowds during disasters are a resource for support, not a panic problem. (similarity 0.90)
• Observing others act together drives disaster solidarity more than identification (similarity 0.89)
• Shared fate in danger makes strangers act as one group offering help. (similarity 0.89)
• Existing social bonds do not always explain emergency collective behaviour (similarity 0.89)
• Shared identity that enables crowd helping often emerges during an emergency rather than pre-existing. (similarity 0.89)
• Disaster survivors who feel shared fate identify socially and give emotional support (similarity 0.89)
• Expecting support from fellow survivors enables coordinated collective action. (similarity 0.88)
• Post-disaster solidarity toward strangers stems from emergent shared social identity, not prior personal ties. (similarity 0.88)
• Solidarity among emergency survivors stems from perceiving strangers as oneself. (similarity 0.87)
• Disaster survivors in a crowd describe intense unity with strangers. (similarity 0.87)
• Emergency responders should deliberately cultivate shared identity with survivors. (similarity 0.87)
• Mutual helping, not selfish flight, is the dominant emergency behaviour (similarity 0.87)

Broader Connections

• Emergency crowds can generate new social bonds among strangers. #exemplifies (0.90) — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 13
• Disasters forge new social bonds via shared external threat. #exemplifies (0.85) — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 16
• Disaster survivors who feel shared fate identify socially and give emotional support #exemplifies (0.85) — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 73
• Post-disaster solidarity toward strangers stems from emergent shared social identity, not prior personal ties. #exemplifies (0.85) — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 118
• Shared danger of death heightens unity among strangers in an emergency. #exemplifies (0.85) — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 104
• Disaster survivors in a crowd describe intense unity with strangers. #exemplifies (0.85) — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 61
• Expecting support from fellow survivors enables coordinated collective action. #exemplifies (0.80) — John Drury and Evangelos Ntontis, A SOCIAL IDENTITY MODEL OF COLLECTIVE…, 22
• Shared social identity is the causal variable predicting solidarity among disaster strangers. #exemplifies (0.80) — John Drury and Evangelos Ntontis, A SOCIAL IDENTITY MODEL OF COLLECTIVE…, 26
• Emergency services overwhelmed after sudden disasters make mutual aid essential for survival. #expands (0.80) — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 49
• Existing friendship and family bonds shape cooperative evacuation behavior. #qualifies (0.80) — John Drury and Evangelos Ntontis, A SOCIAL IDENTITY MODEL OF COLLECTIVE…, 14
• Solidarity among emergency survivors stems from perceiving strangers as oneself. #exemplifies (0.80) — John Drury and Chris Cocking and Steve Reicher, Everyone for themselves? A comparative…, 14
• Observing others act together drives disaster solidarity more than identification #exemplifies (0.75) — John Drury and Rupert Brown and Roberto González and Daniel Miranda, Emergent social identity and observing…, 111
• People become more empathetic and resourceful after disasters, not selfish #expands (0.75) — Jenny Odell, How to Do Nothing, 123