Biological race and craniology do not constitute historical unity among humans.

Evidence

The differences in man which count in history are not the biological—race, shape of the cranium, colour of skin, etc. (For it is to these that the affirmation “man is what he eats” can be reduced—he eats wheat in Europe, rice in Asia, etc.—and it could indeed be further reduced to the affirmation “man is the country where he lives”, since most of diet is in general connected with the land inhabited.) Nor has “biological unity” ever counted for very much in history: man is the animal which has eaten himself precisely when he was nearest to the “state of nature” and when he could not artificially multiply the production of natural goods. Nor yet have the “faculty of reason” or “the mind” created unity, and they cannot be recognised as a “unitary” fact as they represent a purely formal and categorical concept. 431 It is not “thought” but what people really think that unites or differentiates mankind. — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 1269

Categorization

• XREF: Core vocabulary for the Islamophobia module’s handling of race-thinking: Gramsci explicitly rejects biological markers (race, cranium, skin color) as the historically decisive differentiators — directly relevant to anti-essentialist critiques of racialized constructions of Muslims. — connects to: Race has no scientific basis and is a social myth dating to UNESCO 1950. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 98; The last common ancestor with chimpanzees had no cumulative culture — Joseph Henrich, The Secret of Our Success: How Culture…, 918; Race has no genetic basis yet produces real material consequences. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education: Toward Diverse,…, 1112 (+1 more)
• SEED: The distinction between ‘thought’ and ‘what people really think’ as what unites or differentiates humanity could anchor an essay on how ideational content, not formal reason, is what actually binds collectives.