Muslims suffer hostility for perceived identity beyond any voluntary religious choice.

Evidence

With this question, once again we encounter notions of race and racism rooted in biological categories that do not fully capture the type of racism under analysis here. Moreover, as the scholars Nasar Meer and Tariq Modood argue, people do not, in fact, choose to be born into a Muslim family, nor do they choose to be born into a society in which to be a Muslim, or to have ethnic roots in a Muslim-majority country, automatically makes one an object of suspicion among the non-Muslim majority population. Many people suffer discrimination and hostility in the West simply because they are perceived to be Muslim, either because of outward dress or through family heritage or ethnic lineage. These realities would not disappear even if self-identified Muslims chose to identify with another religious community or dropped a religious identity altogether. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 96

Categorization

• XREF: Directly addresses the reader’s ‘sphere of religion vs. sphere of a people’ question. — connects to: Halliday argues modern hostility targets Muslims as a people, not Islam as a faith. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 87; Islamophobia denotes fear, hatred, and hostility toward Muslims and Islam. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 31; Muslim identity alone triggers persecution in some nations while practicing faith does in others (+12 more)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia denotes fear, hatred, and hostility toward Muslims and Islam. #expands (0.90) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 31
• Islam in America operates as a political identity of otherness beyond religion #corroborates (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 69
• Muslim identity alone triggers persecution in some nations while practicing faith does in others #corroborates (0.70)
• Religious identity racializes Arab and South Asian Muslims along shared lines #corroborates (0.60)
• Islamophobia compels Muslims to conceal faith and apologize for unconnected acts. #expands (0.60)