American Islamophobia stems from slavery and anti-Black racism, not just Orientalism.

Evidence

These racial-religious associations, however, did not arise exclusively from European Orientalism. The roots of American Islamophobia also lie in the legacy of American slavery and anti-Black racism. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 560

Categorization

• SEED: Article angle: tracing the domestic American roots of Islamophobia through slavery and the Black experience, which most Islamophobia discourse ignores in favor of European Orientalism origins.
• XREF: Connects to broader literature on how racial categories get constructed domestically (cf. whiteness studies, racial formation theory) and to the claimed interest in ‘claims that is’ about concrete falsifiable claims. — connects to: Islam’s racialization dates to American slavery, not modern immigration debates — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 148