Biological racism and cultural differentialism combine rather than replace each other.

Evidence

In the 1980s some commentators observed a decline in biologically based racism and a rise in “the new cultural racism” (Barker 1981). Modood indeed speaks of an “effacing of colour racism” and a “reinforcing [of] cultural racism at a micro-level” in Britain. It is not clear that current developments bear out this zero-sum account empirically (racist attacks on Asian families and violent assaults in the street on black youths continue apace) or that it is particularly helpful to trade one against the other in this either/or way. What seems more appropriate is an expanded conception of racism, which acknowledges the way in which, in its discursive structure, biological racism and cultural differentialism are articulated and combine. These two “logics” are always present, though in different combinations and differently foregrounded in different contexts and in relation to different subject populations. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 344

Categorization

• XREF: Hall’s ‘articulated logics’ position on biological vs cultural racism is a core framework concept to carry into the Islamophobia readings, where anti-Muslim exclusion is cultural-religious rather than biological. — connects to: Hobbes’s exclusionary frame is cultural-historical civility rather than biological race — , Stephanie B. Martens - Civilization and…, 25
• DEEPTHINKING: The claim that two racist ‘logics’ are always co-present and differently foregrounded is a genuinely paradigmatic reframe — it rejects zero-sum succession models and offers a combinatory, Foucault-adjacent analysis of how exclusionary discourses work.