Anti-Muslim hate crime targets veiled women partly for gender performance, not religion alone.

Evidence

It is important, too, to highlight the gendered nature of anti-Muslim hate crime. Indeed, Zempi (2014) found that veiled Muslim women face anti-Muslim hostility not only because of their religion but also because of their gender and, specifically, gender performance. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 368

Categorization

• XREF: This intersectional point complicates a purely religion-based definition of Islamophobia — gender performance, not Muslim belief per se, is the trigger, which matters for how ‘anti-Muslim racism’ is defined. — connects to: Islamophobic hate crime constrains Muslim women and harms bystander group members. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 151; Veiled Muslim women manage anti-Muslim hate crime through concealment and social withdrawal. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 368; Surveillance targets Muslim women for cultural transgression and Muslim men for terror risk. (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Gendered Islamophobia intersects feminist, antiracist, and neoconservative agendas simultaneously. #expands (0.85)
• Gendered Muslim stereotypes are mutually constitutive and deny both sexes agency. #expands (0.85) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 559
• Veiled Muslim women manage anti-Muslim hate crime through concealment and social withdrawal. #expands (0.82) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 368
• Gendered Islamophobia imposes the most distorted stereotypes on veiled Muslim women. #expands (0.82)
• Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. #corroborates (0.80) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 360
• Muslim women alter dress and demeanor to counter surveillance-based stereotypes. #complicates (0.80)
• Surveillance targets Muslim women for cultural transgression and Muslim men for terror risk. #expands (0.78)
• Muslim women are surveilled for cultural transgression while men are watched for terror potential #expands (0.78) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 92