Anti-Muslim hate crime drives victims to conceal Muslim identity and flee localities.

Evidence

Seen in this context, anti-Muslim hate crime disrupts notions of belonging while maintaining the boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’. This highlights the immediate effect of anti-Muslim hate crime, which is to undermine victims’ sense of security and belonging, while the eventual impact is to create fear about living in a particular locality and to inspire a wish to move away (Bowling 2009). In this way spaces and places are created in which ‘others’ are made to feel unwelcome and vulnerable to attack, and from which they may eventually be excluded (Bowling 2009). Correspondingly, an additional cost that victims of anti-Muslim hate crime often experience is a change in their routines and lifestyles. In this case, the threat of both cyberand physicalworld anti-Muslim hate crime is so ‘real’ that it can cause individuals to change the way that they live their lives, and even to take steps to become less ‘visibly Muslim’. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 367

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the ‘becoming less visibly Muslim’ dynamic, which parallels concealment responses to hate crime discussed broadly in criminology literature (Bowling) and echoes passing/assimilation themes from The Reluctant Fundamentalist. — connects to: Islamophobic hate crime constrains Muslim women and harms bystander group members. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 151; Anti-Muslim hate crime forces spatial retreat and self-segregation that is coerced, not chosen. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 369; Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 366 (+3 more)

Related

• Veiled Muslim women manage anti-Muslim hate crime through concealment and social withdrawal. (similarity 0.92)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime forces spatial retreat and self-segregation that is coerced, not chosen. (similarity 0.91)
• Islamophobic hate crime constrains Muslim women and harms bystander group members. (similarity 0.88)
• Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. (similarity 0.85)
• Because anti-Muslim hate is identity-targeted, victims cannot dismiss it as random (similarity 0.85)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community (similarity 0.85)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime targets veiled women partly for gender performance, not religion alone. (similarity 0.83)
• Hate crimes inflict greater harm than equivalent non-targeted crimes. (similarity 0.83)
• Withdrawal from public life after hate crime is coerced safety, not choice (similarity 0.82)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime functions as repeat victimization, not isolated incidents (similarity 0.81)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime creates parallel lives by preventing cross-community engagement (similarity 0.81)
• Hate crimes function as terroristic message crimes targeting entire communities. (similarity 0.80)
• Anti-Muslim hate victimization is typically repeat, not one-off. (similarity 0.80)
• Anti-Muslim hate crime produces cumulative psychological trauma through repeatedly relived incidents. (similarity 0.80)
• Unprovable anti-Muslim actions erode victims’ sense of reality. (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• Veiled Muslim women manage anti-Muslim hate crime through concealment and social withdrawal. #exemplifies (0.85) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 368
• Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community #expands (0.80) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 366
• Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. #corroborates (0.75) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 360