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🪵 The Threshold

Hate crimes inflict greater harm than equivalent non-targeted crimes.

Properties2
tagsja-picks, factual_claims, primary_study, corroborated, xref, category/factual-claims
aliases@hussain_framing_2017, loc. 361, @elahi_islamophobia_2017, loc. 356

3 min read

Hate crimes inflict greater harm than equivalent non-targeted crimes.

Evidence

However, evidence shows that ‘hate crimes hurt more’. Empirical studies of targeted victimization emphasize the more severe impact for victims of hate crime when compared with non-hate victims (see, for example, Smith et al. 2012, Chakraborti et al. 2014, Williams and Tregidga 2014). In the context of anti-Muslim hate crime, both virtualand physical-world attacks upon Muslims ‘hurt’ more than ‘normal’ crimes as they are seen as an attack upon the victims’ Muslim identity (Awan and Zempi 2015). From this perspective, the impact of anti- Muslim hate crime may exceed that of ‘normal’ crime because of victims’ perceived and actual vulnerability due to their affiliation to Islam. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 361

Being a victim of any kind of crime can have devastating and long-term impacts upon individuals, including emotional, psychological, behavioural, physical and financial effects. However, evidence shows that ‘hate crimes hurt more’. Empirical studies of targeted victimization emphasize the more severe impact for victims of hate crime when compared with non-hate victims (see, for example, Smith et al. 2012, Chakraborti et al. 2014, Williams and Tregidga 2014). In the context of anti-Muslim hate crime, both virtualand physical-world attacks upon Muslims ‘hurt’ more than ‘normal’ crimes as they are seen as an attack upon the victims’ Muslim identity (Awan and Zempi 2015). — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 356

Categorization

  • corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 361; Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 356
  • XREF: connects to: Hate harms bystanders beyond its direct targets — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 286; Anti-Muslim hate crime harms target victims’ intrinsic identity and reach the whole Muslim community — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 366; Anti-Muslim hate crime creates parallel lives by preventing cross-community engagement — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 368 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

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